Ceddrich's+Chemporado

Have some champorado, providing your daily dosage of vitamin C(hem) :) from your favorite brand ;) operating in a place where 45 people destined for greatness are undergoing a perilous journey, the IB program \m/!!!

=**General Stuff ** = ===**Naming and Formula Writing ** === Rules:  1. Find and name the parent chain.  2. Determine the side chains and write their names with the use of the suffix "-yl".  3. Determine the carbon atom where the side chains are connected to. This number should be the lowest possible number when starting from just one direction.  4. Separate numbers with a ","  Separate a letter from a number with a "-"  5. If multiple side chains of the same kind are present, use the prefixes "di", "tri", etc.  If multiple side chains of different kinds are present, arrange the side chains in alphabetical order. (do not include prefixes in alphabetization.)

 Source: Sample page... :-bd

===**Definitions: ** === ====<span style="font-size: 1.066em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homologous Series <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- any of a number of series of organic compounds with similar chemical properties in which members can be described by a general formula and often differ by a constant relative molecular mass. (Source:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0019205.html] ) ====

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Ex: Alkanes (CnHn+2) <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Alkenes (CnH2n)

====<span style="font-size: 1.066em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Isomers <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">- are chemical species containing the same number and types of atoms as another species, although they differ in properties (either physical or chemical). There are 4 types of isomers: Structural Isomers, Geometric Isomers, Optical Isomers, and Stereoisomers. (Source:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/isomerdef.htm] ) ====

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Examples of Isomers:

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> - Pentane <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> - 2-methylbutane <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> - 2,2-dimethylpropane ====<span style="font-size: 1.066em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Saturated and Unsaturated - <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">﻿A compound is said to be saturated when there are only single bonds meaning no additional reactions can happen. A compound is said to be unsaturated when there are double bonds meaning additional reactions can happen. Alkanes are saturated while Alkenes are unsaturated. ==== <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">(from: Chemistry by Geoffrey Neuss)

= = =<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"> <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Alkanes <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">(The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons) =

===<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Properties: ** === ====<span style="font-size: 1.066em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Boiling and melting points of Alkanes ====


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Name ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Molecular Formula ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Melting Point (oC) ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Boiling Point (oC) ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">State at 25(oC) ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">methane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">CH4 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-183 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-164 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">gas ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">ethane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C2H6 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-183 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-89 ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">propane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C3H8 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-190 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-42 ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">butane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C4H10 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-138 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-0.5 ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">pentane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C5H12 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-130 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">36 ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">hexane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C6H14 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-95 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">69 ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">heptane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C7H16 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-91 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">98 ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">octane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C8H18 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-57 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">125 ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">nonane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C9H20 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-51 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">151 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">liquid ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">decane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C10H22 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-30 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">174 ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">undecane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C11H24 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-25 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">196 ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">dodecane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C12H26 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-10 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">216 ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">eicosane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C20H42 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">37 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">343 ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">triacontane ||  || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">C30H62 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">66 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">450 ||   || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">solid ||

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Melting points and boiling points increase as the number of carbon atoms increase. Based on passed lessons, this is because the more atoms there are, the stronger the IMF(intermolecular force) is. (Source: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/501hcboilingpts.html] )

====<span style="font-size: 1.066em; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Boiling Points of Isomers ====


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Common name || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">normal pentane unbranched pentane n-pentane || <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; padding-right: 10px;">[|isopentane] || <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; padding-right: 10px;">[|neopentane] ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">IUPAC name || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">pentane || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">methylbutane || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">dimethylpropane ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Molecular diagram ||  || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/N-Pentan.png/130px-N-Pentan.png caption="N-Pentan.png" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N-Pentan.png"]] ||
 * N-Pentan.png ||  ||   || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Isopentane.PNG/140px-Isopentane.PNG caption="Isopentane.PNG" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isopentane.PNG"]] ||
 * Isopentane.PNG ||  ||   || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Neopentane.PNG/120px-Neopentane.PNG caption="Neopentane.PNG" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neopentane.PNG"]] ||
 * Neopentane.PNG ||  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Skeletal diagram ||  || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pentane-2D-Skeletal.svg/200px-Pentane-2D-Skeletal.svg.png caption="Pentane-2D-Skeletal.svg" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentane-2D-Skeletal.svg"]] ||
 * Pentane-2D-Skeletal.svg ||  ||   || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Isopentane-2D-skeletal.png/160px-Isopentane-2D-skeletal.png caption="Isopentane-2D-skeletal.png" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isopentane-2D-skeletal.png"]] ||
 * Isopentane-2D-skeletal.png ||  ||   || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Neopentane-2D-skeletal.png/120px-Neopentane-2D-skeletal.png caption="Neopentane-2D-skeletal.png" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neopentane-2D-skeletal.png"]] ||
 * Neopentane-2D-skeletal.png ||  ||

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Melting point (MP), boiling point (BP) and density of pentanes||~ Isomer ||~ M. P. (°C) ||~ B. P. (°C) ||~ Density (g/L) || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Source: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentane]
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">n-pentane || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">−129.8 || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">36.0 || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">621 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">isopentane || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">−159.9 || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">27.7 || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">616 ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">neopentane || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">−16.6 || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">9.5 || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">586 ||

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Notice that boiling points decrease as the structure of the isomer becomes more spherical. This is because a spherical structure would have less surface area meaning weaker IMF(inter molecular forces) therefore a lower boiling point. (Source: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081005172146AAdqqUC] )

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Reactions of Alkanes

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Combustion

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Complete combustion of any hydrocarbon be it alkanes, alkenes, etc. (with enough oxygen) will yield carbon dioxide and water (Source for both definition and example: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">[|http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkanes/oxygen.html#top] ) Incomplete combustion occurs when there is insufficient oxygen present within the reaction and eventually yields either carbon or carbon monoxide

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Example of complete combustion: C3H8 + O2 --> 3CO2 + 4H2O

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Example of incomplete combustion: C4H10 + 5O2 --> 5H2O + 2CO2 + CO + C

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Halogenation <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">is the replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms in an organic compound by a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine).

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Ex: CH4 + Cl2 + energy ——> CH3Cl + HCl

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> steps: <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Initiation - uv rays separte Cl2 into free radicals Cl and Cl <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Propagation - a Cl free radical gets an H and becomes HCl <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> - the other Cl combines with a CH4 to form a CH3Cl <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Termination - Free radicals react with other free radicals to form non-radical products <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> - or the free radicals could escape their container <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> - or collide the the walls of the vessel they're being contained in. (from: Chemistry by Geoffrey Neuss)

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Alkenes <span style="color: #00ff00; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px;">(The Unsaturated Hydrocarbons) ** = Properties of Alkenes:

Alkane vs. Alkene: The Showdown

- Alkanes form single bond types between carbon atoms while Alkenes can possibly form double bonds - Alkane substances' names end with the suffix -ane while Alkenes end with -ene (very obvious) - Alkenes tend to be more reactive than Alkanes because of the presence of multiple bonds (i.e. double or triple bonds) - Alkenes' general formula: CnH2n (Source: http://ezinearticles.com/?Chemistry---Alkenes-to-Alkanes&id=815192) - Alkenes are unsaturated while Alkanes are saturated (unsaturated molecules tend to possess double/triple bonds, while single bonds tend to be classified as saturated) (Source: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/index.php?title=Organic_Chemistry/Hydrocarbons/Alkenes/Degree_of_Unsaturation-Another_Aid_to_Identifying_Molecular_Structure&galleryOffset=6#Saturated_Molecules)

<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">Reactions of Alkenes:

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Combustion <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> - same as in alkanes
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Hydrogenation - reaction of the carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes with hydrogen in the presence of a metal catalyst(Nickel in the example). <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Ex: <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">(source: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkenes/hydrogenation.html)

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Hydration <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> - adding water directly to the carbon-carbon double bond. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Ex:

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> (Source: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkenes/hydration.html)

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Polymerization <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> - when many alkenes combine with each other to form a product, a polymer. (from: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkenes/polymerisation.html)

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Watch youtube video on polymerizaion: <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkenes/polymerisation.html

Halogenation - when the double bonds of Alkenes bond with halogens such as chlorine (Source: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkenes/halogenation.html)

Hydrogenation - when double bonds of Alkenes bond with hydrogen producing a metal catalyst Ex: (Source: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkenes/hydrogenation.html)

Organic Derivatives:

Alcohols

Primary Alcohol: The carbon that carries the OH is only found on one alkyl group Secondary Alcohol: The carbon that carries the OH are jointly connected to two alkyl groups Tertiary Alcohol: OH is directly attached to three alkyl groups Naming: The "-e" at the end of the alkane is replaced by "-ol"

Properties: IMF: Hydrogen bonding Relative Boiling Point: High Solubility in Water: Soluble

(Sources: Chemistry Course Companion by Geoffrey Neuss, http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alcohols/background.html)

Aldehyde

Naming: The "-e" at the end of the longest chain alkane is replaced by "-al"

Properties: IMF: Dipole-dipole Relative Boiling Point: Moderate Solubility in Water: Soluble

(Sources: Chemistry Course Companion by Geoffrey Neuss)

Ketone

Naming: The "-e" on the end of the longest chain alkane is replaced by "-one"

Properties: IMF: Dipole-dipole Relative Boiling Point: Moderate Solubility in Water: Soluble

(Sources: Chemistry Course Companion by Geoffrey Neuss)

Carboxylic Acid

Naming: The "-e" on the end of the longest chain alkane is replaced by "-oic acid"

Properties: IMF: Hydrogen bonding Relative Boiling Point: High Solubility in Water: Soluble

(Sources: Chemistry Course Companion by Geoffrey Neuss)

Alkyl Halide

Naming: Like halogenoalkanes, add fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo- as a prefix in front of the alkane

(Sources: Chemistry Course Companion by Geoffrey Neuss)

Amine

Naming: Add "amine" as a prefix or a suffix depending on the chemical

(Sources: Chemistry Course Companion by Geoffrey Neuss)

Amide

Naming: Add "-amide" after the longest carbon chain

(Sources: Chemistry Course Companion by Geoffrey Neuss)

Nitrile

Naming: Add "-nitrile" to the hydrocarbon forming the basis of the acid

(Sources: Chemistry Course Companion by Geoffrey Neuss)

Ester

Naming: Based on the acid and alcohol which the ester is derived from

(Sources: Chemistry Course Companion by Geoffrey Neuss)

=Some Terms:=

Stereoisomers: Compounds that possess the same molecular formula but differ in structural formula

Geometrical Isomerism: Occurs when bonds are constrained and unable to rotate freely (also known as a restricted rotation). Only happens when two atoms attached to carbon atoms, creating the double bond, is different

Optical Isomerism (And Asymmetric Formation): Occur when four different atoms or groups are attached to one carbon atom

Polarimeter: A device that shows how enantiomers rotate the plane of plane-polarized light

Chiral Molecules: Refers to the molecules that possess asymmetric carbon atoms

Enantiomers: Refers to two 3D models of an asymmetric carbon atom

Racemic Mixture is a mixture where two enantiomers rotate the place of plane-polarized light by the same amount

(Sources: Chemistry Course Companion by Geoffrey Neuss)