Giancoki

= = **Homologous series**

A family of organic compounds that have the same functional group. The functional group is defined by a special characteristic shared by all members of the family. All of them have a similar, but distinct structure. There is a common difference of CH2 between successive members of the series. = http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-iii/organic-chemistry/homologous-series.php = = = =**ALKANES**=


 * Boiling Point**

The boiling point of alkanes should increase as he number of carbons increase. e.g. Propane has a higher boiling point compared to Methane This may be because of more instances of instantaneous dipoles in more carbons and hydrogens. Also, the mass of alkanes with more carbons is larger than those of less carbons.


 * Isomer**

When a chemical species can have a different structure because of the many ways that the carbons can bond with itself, isomers are formed. They always have the same molecular formula, but each has distinct properties and, subsequently, distinct IUPAC names to identify them. e.g. C5H12, which has three isomers, pentane, 2-methylbutane and 2,2-methylpropane.




 * Boiling Point**

In the case of isomers, their boiling points are higher when the parent chain is longer or has more carbons in it. In the example above, 2,2-methylpropane, 2-methylbutane and pentane are arranged in ascending order. This may be because a longer parent chain allows for more intermolecular forces.

=**ALKENES**=

Alkenes are quite similar to alkanes in structure, except alkenes have a double bond between two carbon atoms while alkanes are made up solely of single bonds. As a result, alkenes are more reactive than alkanes because of the breakable double bond (pi bond). It is because of this that alkenes can undergo a number of reactions, namely addition reactions. Because of these characteristics, alkenes are described to be unsaturated as opposed to alkanes, which are saturated. Alkenes take the form CnH2n.

Reactions:
1. **Combustion**

Alkenes combust with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor. The chemical reaction follows the form CnH2n + 3n/2 O2 --> nCO2 + nH2O.

C2H4 + 3O2 > 2CO2 + 2H2O

C4H8 + 6O2 > 4CO2 + 4H2O

C6H12 + 9O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O

2. Hydronization Alkenes undergo an addition reaction with water to form alcohols. When the double bond breaks, one of the hydrogens bonds with one of the available carbons while the hydroxide ion bonds with the other available carbon.

C2H4 + H2O > CH3CH2(OH)

C4H8 + H2O > CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3

C6H12 + H2O > CH3CH2CH2CH(OH)CH2CH3

http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkenes/hydration.html#top

3. Halogenation

Halogenation is the addition of halogens to a n-system.

C2H4 + Br2 > CH2H4Br2 1,2 dibromethane

C2H4 + 2F2 ---> 2C + 4HF

= CATALYSTS =

Catalysts are substances that changes the rate (velocity) of a chemical reaction without being consumed or appearing as part of the product. Catalysts act by lowering the activation energy of reactions, but do not change the relative potential energy of the reactants and products. Finely divided metals, such as platinum, palladium and nickel, are among the most widely used hydrogenation catalysts.

Most Reactions involve Catalysts because it makes things faster. Some reactions could take million years without Catalysts.

Catalysts DO NOT make the reaction happen, they merely hasten the process.



Catalysts are usually written on top of the reaction's arrow.

=**NAMING ** =

1,) The naming of __**ALCOHOLS**__ is similar to the naming of alkanes.. To name alcohols, > > > > > >
 * 1) Determine the parent chain. (Longest Chain with the OH included.)
 * 1) Number according to the end closest to the -OH group regardless of where alkyl substituents are.
 * 1) The format is as follows: (location of branch)-(branch name)-(location of OH group)-(parent chain)
 * 1) Change the parent chain -e ending and replace it with an -ol.

2.) The naming of __**AMINES**__ is similar to the naming of alkanes.. To name amines, > > > > > >
 * 1)  Determine the parent chain. (Longest Chain with the N2H included.)
 * 1)  Number according to the end closest to the -OH group regardless of where alkyl substituents are.
 * 1)  The format is as follows: (location of branch)-(branch name)-(location of OH group)-(parent chain)
 * 1) Change the parent chain -e ending and replace it with an -ol

5. Example: Methene + OH = Methanol

SN1 and SN2 table LOL (Fast ||
 * || Sn 1 || Sn 2 ||
 * Molecularity || Unimolecular || Bimolecular ||
 * Rate determining step (One-step or two-step) || Two Steps (Slow) || One step
 * Intermediate formed || Carbocation || Transition Stage (Five-Branch) ||
 * Stereochemistry of products formed || 50-50 mix || Inverted ||
 * Type of substrate || Tertiary (Halogenoalkane) || Primary (Halogenoalkane) ||
 * Type of Leaving Group || Halogen || Halogen ||