Ced+N+G

Amine: a.) Primary Amines (R-NH2) are named for the attached alkane chain with the suffix "-amine" (e.g. CH3NH2 Methyl Amine). If necessary, the bonding position is infixed: CH3CH2CH2NH2 propan-1-amine, CH3CHNH2CH3 propan-2-amine. The prefix form is "amino-".

b.) For secondary amines (of the form R-NH-R), the longest carbon chain attached to the nitrogen atom becomes the primary name of the amine; the other chain is prefixed as an alkyl group with location prefix given as an italic N: CH3NHCH2CH3 is N-methylethanamine.

c.) For tertiary amines (R-NR-R) are treated similarly: CH3CH2N(CH3)CH2CH2CH3is N-ethyl-N-methylpropanamine. Again, the substituent groups are ordered alphabetically.

Names of compounds of up to six carbon atoms CH3NH2- Methylamine C2H5NH2- Ethylamine C3H7NH2- Propylamine C4H9NH2- Aminobutane C5H11NH2- Aminopentane C6H13NH2- Aminohexane

Amides: The functional group of an amide consists of a carbonyl group and an amino group. To name an amide, write the name for the carbon chain containing the carbonyl group, drop the -e ending, and add the suffix -amide.

Names of compounds of up to six carbon atoms CH3CONH2- Methanamide C2H5CONH2- Ethanamide C3H7CONH2- Propanamide C4H9CONH2- Butanamide C5H11CONH2- Pentanamide C6H13CONH2- Hexanamide

Esters: In an ester, the hydrogen in the -COOH group is replaced by an alkyl group (or possibly some more complex hydrocarbon group). To name Esters: 1.) Identify the alkyl group that is attached to the oxygen atom/ Number according to the end closest to the -CO- group regardless of where alkyl substituents are. 2.)Determine the alkane that links the carbon atoms together. If there is a separation of a continuous link of carbon atoms due to the oxygen atom, individually name the two alkanes before and after the oxygen atom. 3.)The longer structural alkane is the one that should contain the carbonyl atom. 4.)The format is as follows: (alkane further from carbonyl) (alkane closest to carbony)(parent chain)

Change the parent chain -e ending and replace it with an -oate. Example: CH3COOC7H14CH3 octyl ethanoate

Names of compounds of up to six carbon atoms CH3COOCH3- Methyl Ethanoate C2H5COOCH3- Ethyl Ethanoate C3H7COOCH3- Propyl Ethanoate C4H9COOCH3- Butyl Ethanoate C5H11COOCH3- Pentyl Ethanoate C6H13COOCH3- Hexyl Ethanoate

Nitrile: Nitriles contain a -CN group, and used to be called cyanides. A suffix of nitrile is added to the parent hydrocarbon forming the acid.

Names of compounds of up to six carbon atoms HCN- Methanenitrile CH3CN- Ethanenitrile C2H5CN- Propanenitrile C3H7CN- Butanenitrile C4H9CN- Pentanenitrile C5H11CN- Hexanenitrile

1.) Stereoisomers - Sometimes, two molecules can have the same chemical formula and even the same structure of atoms bonded to each other but can still be distinct molecules (isomers). Stereoisomers are distinct molecules with the same sequence of bonded atoms but a different orientation of these atoms in space.

2. Geometrical Isomerism - a form of stereoisomerism which describes the orientation of functional groups within a molecule. This frequently occurs in molecules with double bonds. When functional groups are on the same side, the prefix cis is used, but when functional groups are on opposite sides, the prefix trans is used. When there is more than one kind of functional group in the molecule, the E/Z naming is used. E/Z is assigned according to the priority rules for atoms.

3. Optical Isomerism - molecules that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

4. Polarimeter - an instrument that measures and interprets the change in polarization orientation of substances with optical activity.

5. Assymetric - when a molecule does not have a plane of symmetry; any way the molecule is split in half, the two sides are not symmetrical

6. Chiral Carbon - a carbon atom attached to four different functional groups, which therefore causes asymmetry, is called a chiral carbon/center.

7.) Enantiomers: Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images. - Molecules that are optical isomers, or mirror images, of one another. - Enantiomers can exist when there is an [|asymmetric carbon atom] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> within the molecule, i.e., a carbon that is attached to four different structures. - One special property of enantiomers is that despite being distinct molecules, enantiomers have the same physical properties. The only exception is that enantiomers will rotate plane polarized light in different directions. This property is used to distinguish them. The amino acids that compose proteins in living organisms are enantiomers, but only one form exists in most living organisms. Thus, often only one enantiomer of a drug molecule will have an effect in the human body.

-two enantiomers can be distinguished by assigning a letter to the chiral center, either R or S. - usually arranged from the greatest atomic mass, then to the least. Atom with the highest mass is assigned highest priority (1), then the next one (2) and so on. - If two atoms are the same, the atoms bonded to them are examined, and so on until the first point of difference, at which point the assignment of priority is made. If a rotation through the numbers 1, 2, and 3 is clockwise, the enantiomer is labeled R; if it is counterclockwise, it is labeled S.

8.) Racemic mixture/ racemate - A solution in which both enantiomers of a compound are present in equal amounts is called a racemic mixture, or racemate. Racemic mixtures can be symbolized by a (d/l)- or - prefix in front of the substance's name. Since enantiomers have equal and opposite specific rotations, a racemic mixture exhibits no optical activity.

- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Racemic mixtures can be separated, or resolved, into their pure enantiomers by three methods.

a.) The first method is to mechanically separate the crystals in such a mixture based on differences in their shapes.

b.) The second resolution method employs enzymes. Enzymes are stereospecific chiral protein molecules that act as catalysts. Because of their chirality, these molecules react with only one enantiomer in a racemic mixture. The enantiomer that momentarily bonds to an enzyme undergoes reaction, while the enantiomer that does not bond remains unchanged. The unreacted enantiomer can then be removed from the reaction mix by ordinary separation methods, such as distillation or recrystallization.

c.) The third method involves converting the enantiomers of a racemic mixture into diastereomers and then resolving that mixture with ordinary separation techniques. The separated diastereomers are then treated with appropriate reagents to regenerate the original enantiomers.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Sources: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/E/enant.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/organic3/enantiomersanddiastereomers/summary.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/organic3/enantiomersanddiastereomers/terms.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.introorganicchemistry.com/stereochemistry.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/organic3/stereoisomers/section2.rhtml__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Racemic-Mixtures-Resolving-Enantiomers.topicArticleId-22667,articleId-22648.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry#Amines_and_Amides__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__https://www.cdli.ca/courses/chem2202/unit03_org03_ilo05/b_activity.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.angelfire.com/bc2/OrgChem/esters.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/conventions/names2.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/conventions/names2.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.chemguide.co.uk/basicorg/isomerism/optical.html__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.chemistry.adelaide.edu.au/external/soc-rel/content/polarim.htm__]